Iconographical genealogies

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Dictionary of pastellists before 1800

ICONOGRAPHICAL GENEALOGIES

These tables may be used to identity specific subjects as well as to establish the interrelationships which can play an important role in the process of commissioning and patronage. Families such as those of Bentinck, Lennox or La Live demonstrate a fascination with portraiture well beyond others of similar social standing, while some families were loyal to a "house" artist. The intention of these iconographical cross-sections is to provide a rapid overview of connections which can readily be followed up without being obscured by the detail which necessarily is found in the standard genealogical works. Accordingly references to these sources are normally omitted (other non-standard sources are cited). Disputes are resolved arbitrarily and silently, and solecisms remain where clarity requires. Many family members are omitted for simplicity, while others of interest to art history are retained despite minor genealogical or political significance. Chivalric awards are given more prominence than offices or achievements, simply because they are more likely to be included in portraits, and their inclusion or omission can provide valuable clues about the identification and dating of portraits.

While necessarily selective, the principal royal (or ruling) families of Europe are included as well as certain prominent non-royal families. The families selected normally include subjects who have been portrayed in pastel, but some other families are included where the genealogy has been helpful in tracing provenances or explaining connections. The royal tables are also intended as a supplement to the Index of sitters, to facilitate the identification of individuals referred to either by Christian names or other honorifics (indicated in small capitals) in a necessarily arbitrary manner. In contrast to the order in the Dictionary, non-royal peers are indexed under family name rather than by title. The search facility may be used where the family name is not known. As far as possible names, titles and offices have been given in the sitters' native language but exceptions are made for sitters mainly known from French portraits, where French is used. The unfortunate linguistic clashes are less important than the needs of users from different countries.

Successive generations are indicated by arrows ⇒ at the start of each line, with siblings separated by nephews etc.; lines of space denote unrelated families or branches where relationships are either unknown or too complicated to set out in detail (roman numerals, indicating degrees of nobility, help in tracking generations in different branches). Marriage is indicated by ∞; successive marriages are given by 1° , 2° etc. (M ∞ 1° W refers to the man's first marriage, while M 1° ∞ W refers to the wife's first husband); spouses of spouses are included in [ ]. Cross-references, indicated by q.v. (but not hyperlinked in the interests of file sizes), should be pursued for full details of spouses. Illegitimate unions are denoted ∝ and the offspring are in grey type. Marriages which ended by separation or divorce are indicated by a range of dates, e.g. 1750-60. Some dates have been derived from ages, and may accordingly be wrong by one year. Old style dates are given in modern form.

Artists of known pastels are included in braces, e.g. {Vivien}; for a full discussion of attribution and idenitification, reference must be made to the main articles in the Dictionary. A selection of additional portraits (which have not been systematically inventoried) in other media are included as landmarks, and are similarly referenced: {Rigaud} for paintings, {Cochin} for drawings, {Drevet} for engravings; {Dumont} for miniatures, and {Houdon} for sculpture (artists working in different media are not duplicated). Details of these works will normally be found readily in catalogues raisonnés for these artists.

Royal families

Nonroyal families