This index lists a number of inventors, manufacturers, vendors and authors who have been involved in technical aspects of the art of pastel, including authors of the most important early treatises and some critics who have been particularly influential. Research in this area is still in progress. No attempt is made systematically to list all framemakers and artists' suppliers; rather this list includes only those specifically known to have been connected with pastel (but not just related techniques such as encaustic painting or pastel-manner engraving); the purpose is to direct users to other sources of further information. For British suppliers, Jacob Simon's websites on British framemakers, artists' suppliers and restorers at npg.org.uk is excellent; for pastel techniques generally, Burns 2007 is a good recent summary with a useful bibliography of the now very extensive secondary literature. Numerous pastellists were themselves technical innovators and pioneers, and a good deal of information appears in the artists section of the Dictionary which is not repeated here; reference should be made to the articles where cited.

M. D'ACHON, painter from Lille (fl. 1755), to whom Scheppers (q.v.) vouchsafed his secret for fixing pastel.
Dictionary, artists

John ADAIR, framemaker, 47 Brewer Street, London. Frame for pastel by Lawrence, 1794.
Lit.: Gilbert 1996, p. 62

Mlle ALEXANDRE (fl. Paris 1779) offered a secret method of fixing pastels.
Dictionary, artists

ALLWOOD & MURRAY, framemakers in Ipswich, who had the pastellist Peter Romney imprisoned for debt in 1774.

Charles-Claude de Flahaut de La Billarderie, comte d'ANGIVILLER (1730-1810), directeur des bâtiments du Roi.

Giovanni Battista ARMENINI (c.1525-1609), author of De' veri precetti della pittura, Ravenna, 1587, in which composition of drawing sticks is discussed.
Lit.: Kosek 1998, p. 2, n.15; Grove art online

Étienne AVRIL, framemaker, maître-mensuisier, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Jean-Jacques BACHELIER (1724-1806), artist and experimenter in pastel techniques.
Dictionary, artists

Filippo BALDINUCCI (1625-1697), collector, art historian and author; mixed pigments with gum and candied sugar, and described a porte-crayon.
Lit.: Meder 1919, p. 135; Burns 2007, p. 25

John BARROW ( –1774). His Dictionarium polygraphicum (1735) contains a lengthy article on the manufacture of crayons, citing the methods of "Mr Brown", presumably Alexander Browne (q.v.).

Pierre-François BASAN, Paris expert, auctioner and print publisher.
Lit.: Pierre Casselle, "Pierre-François Basan", Paris et Ile de France: Memoires, XXXIII, 1982, pp. 99-185; Marandet 2003a

Les demoiselles BEAUVAIS "préviennent le public qu'elles ont trouvé un secret pour fixer le pastel sans altérer la beauté et la vivacité des couleurs." They were probably the Mlles Beauvais, marchands d'estampes, rue Saint-Jacques, presumably daughters of the engraver Nicolas Dauphin de Beauvais (1687-1763) and sisters of the engraver Jacques-Philippe, prix de Rome, 1767.
Lit.: Avant-Coureur, cited Goncourt & Goncourt 1867; Bénézit

Thomas BECKWITH (1731-1786), painter, genealogist and antiquary, invented crayon pencils which were licensed to George Riley (q.v.).

Adolphe BEUGNIET, dealer, opened shop at 10 rue Laffitte in 1848: label on frame of anon. pastel, marquis de Brunoy

Guillaume BIROCHON (fl. The Hague 1696-1726), pastellist and picture restorer.
Dictionary, artists

Mr BISHOP, stationer, of Newport Street, Long Acre "has made it his buiness to provide himself with paper made on purpose for Crayon-Painting, drawing, &c. where the Student may be supplied with the best sort of paper for his purpose".
Lit.: Russell 1777, p. 21n.

Louis-Marie BLANQUART DE SEPTFONTAINES (1751–1830), "un gentilhomme de l'Ardrésis", he was born in Calais and appointed échevin in 1783. A friend of Buffon, he contributed an article on "L'Art de composer les pastels" to volume VI of Panckcoucke's Encyclopédie méthodique which appeared in 1789, and is considerably more extensive than the article in Diderot & d'Alembert's version.

Thomas-Vincent BLIGNY (fl. Paris 1762), "peintre-doreur, cour du Manège, aux Tuileries…tient Magasin…de jolies Têtes de Femmes en Pastels & Mignatures" according to his trade card. These were destroyed in a fire of 1762.
Lit.: Michel 2007, p. 123f

John James BONHOTE (fl. 1763-80), The Star, Hayes's Court, Soho, London 1766-80, haberdasher and supplier of pastels by Stoupan (q.v.). The business took over that of Lewis Pache & Co from the same address, 1765-67. John Russell (1772) describes Bonhote as the original importer of crayons from Lausanne ("the ingredients which compose these brilliant crayons are not to be met with in England"), but by 1773 they were being made by Charles Pache (q.v.) in London.
Lit.: Kosek 1998; Simon 1998; British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

Thomas BONVOISIN, peintre de l'Académie de Saint-Luc, reçu 1750, "peintre doreur et marchand de tableaux, place du vieux Louvre, rapelle qu'il fabrique les plus beaux crayons de pastel dont il a obtenu le secret de la part du célèbre Stouppan [Stoupan, q.v.] de Lausanne" (L'Avant-Coureur). In 1764 his shop was broken into, and among the pictures stolen was a pastel Tête de femme, artist unspecified.
Lit.: Guiffrey 1915; Chatelus 1991, pp. 42, 70; Michel 2008, pp. 123, 190

BOURSIN, "marchand de couleurs rue du Roule, à l'Aigle de Prusse", according to his advertisement, "après bien des recherches et des expériences, a mis enfin au point des crayons portés à la perfection. Il les fournit par boîte de 130 donnant autant de nuances différentes".
Lit.: Chatelus 1991, p. 70

Claude BOUTET [possibly a pseudonym for Christophe Ballard (1641-1715)], author credited with the early Traité de la peinture en mignature…Auquel on a ajouté un petit traité de la peinture au pastel, The Hague, 1708; widely translated and reprinted.
Lit.: Burns 2007, p. 23; Kuehni 2010

BOUTON (fl. Paris c.1690), papetier-cartier de la chambre du roi, paper supplier.
Lit.: Burns 2007, p. 48

Joseph BOZE (l745-1826) developed his own method of fixing pastels.
Dictionary, artists

Charles-Paul-Jérôme de BRÉA (1739-1820), inventor of fixing method.
Dictionary, artists

Adam van BROECKHUYSEN (?1682-1748), founded a crayon-making business.
Dictionary, artists

Alexander BROWNE (fl. 1659-1706), author of Ars pictoria, 1669, which described mezzotint processes and included recipes for fabricated sticks of coloured chalks.

Henri BRUNEL, framemaker, maître-mensuisier, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Adam BUCK (1759-1833), developed a method of mixing pastels with wax.
Dictionary, artists

Bainbrigg BUCKERIDGE (1668-1733), poet, painter and author of early history of British painters, mentions "Pastills" as the "name formerly given…Crayons".
Lit.: Burns 2007, p. 7

Daniel CAFFÉ (1756–1815) instructed his brother Gottfried in the manufacture of pastels, "as good as those from Lausanne". They came in complete sets of more than 300 pieces, among them a particularly fine, stable green. They were available at a particularly low price in Dresden, "vor dem Pirnaischen Thore, No. 333".
Dictionary, artists

Cornelius CALLAGHAN, carver and gilder, 23 or 24 Clare Street, Dublin. Label on pastels by Hamilton, pendants at Chaalis.

CARDEREAU, framemaker, maître-mensuisier, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Rosalba CARRIERA (1673-1757), pastellist credited with early progress in the method.
Dictionary, artists

Cellier, v. Sellier

Philippe CAYEUX (1688–1769), sculpteur, ornemaniste, and collector, rue Saint-Honoré: made, or lent, a frame for a pastel by Noel-Nicolas Coypel which he reclaimed on the artist's death in 1734.
Lit.: Guiffrey 1883, p. 314

Benvenuto CELLINI (1500-1571), artist; writing c.1560, he describes the use of pastelli which may or may not refer to fabricated sticks, and could be an established resource.
Lit.: McGrath 1998; Burns 2007, p. 4

Cennino CENNINI (c.1370-c.1440), painter and author of early treatise on artists' materials, Il libro dell'arte, which first noted the mixing of pigments with white fillers to create graded colours, for use in tempera painting

William CHALMERS & Son, framers, 118 High Street, Edinburgh. Framers of a number of pastels by Skirving (q.v.)

William CHAMBERS, Berners Street, received a letter from Margaret Hay, Aberdeen, ordering some "crions" for her eldest, Betty, who is learning to draw tolerably well (30.I.1769, Royal Academy of Arts Archive, CHA/1/14)

Paul Romain CHAPERON (1732-1793), author of treatise on pastel.
Dictionary, artists

CHARMETON, no doubt a member of the extended family of painters and sculptors from Lyon, possibly the Jean (1701-) who was married in Paris in 1742. Inventor of method of fixing pastel, who offered to sell the method to La Tour and then to anyone offering a reasonable sum. Subsequently there appeared in Le Mercure an advertisement for pastels: "La demoiselle Charmeton, faubourg Saint-Germain, rue Saint-Benoît, vis-à-vis de l'abbaye..., affirme que les artistes les plus fameux en ce genre, dont bien sûr le célèbre La Tour, préfèrent ses assortiments à tous les autres, depuis déjà quelques temps." This claim was supported by the appearance (as Lot 502) in Charles Coypel's posthumous sale of "Sept Tiroirs remplis de Pastels de meilleurs Fabriques; telles que celles de Moule, Charmeton & autres."
Lit.: Lieudé de Sepmanville 1747 (Dictionary, salon critique); Goncourt & Goncourt 1867; Chatelus 1991, p. 70

Benjamin CHARPENTIER, of 430 Oxford Street, 1775, 24 Cumberland Street, 1778, Titchfield Street from 1795: supplied frame and glass for Russell's Mrs Jeans, 1798.
Lit.: British picture framemakers at npg.org.uk

Jacques-Charles-Denis CHARTIER, framemaker, maître-mensuisier, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Jean CHÉRIN (1734-1785; maître-sculpteur 1760; maître-mensuisier p.1760), framemaker, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

A. CHRAMOSTA, framemaker in Vienna; supplied oval frame for Borovikovsky pastel

Charles-Nicolas COCHIN (1715-1790), artist; responsible for assessing inventions proposed to the Académie royale.
Dictionary, artists; Burns 2007

Jean-Jacques COIFFIÉ, framemaker, maître-mensuisier, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Citoyen COIFFIER, manufacturer of crayons.
Dictionary, artists, s.v. Lemoine

Christian COLE (fl. 1697-1735), British diplomat and correspondent with Carriera.
Dictionary, artists

COOKE (fl. Bath a.1801), manufacturer of pastels.
Dictionary, artists

Francis COTES (1726-1770), pastellist; his "Notes on Crayon Painting" were published in the European magazine in 1797. John Russell noted that Cotes restored a pastel by Carriera (Calista, belonging to Dr Chauncy) transferring it to another stetcher by soaking it.
Dictionary, artists
Lit.: Russell 1777, p. 22

W. DARRES, printseller, at the late De Braque's warehouse, Coventry Street, near Haymarket; advertised crayons made by Stoupan (Public advertiser, 5.I.1756).
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

Charles DAVIS (fl. 1763-1794), and his son, also Charles (fl. 1784- ), artists' suppliers in Bath; their advertisements included crayons.
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

Jules-Alexandre Patrouillard DEGRAVE (1844-1904), directeur de l'École gratuite de dessin, Saint-Quentin, made numerous pastel copies after La Tour.
Lit.: Hilary Spurling, "How Matisse became a painter", Burlington magazine, CXXXV/1084, .VII.1993, pp. 463-70

Joseph DEIBEL (1716-1792), a pupil of Kugler (q.v.); wood carvers who supplied the frames for Rosalba's pastels in Dresden.
Lit.: Christoph Schölzel, "Der Dresdener Galerierahmen Geschichte, Technik, Restaurierung", Zeitschrift für Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung, XVI, 2002, pp. 104-29

William DELACOUR (c.1700-1767), supplier of pastels.
Dictionary, artists

M. DELARUELLE, 20 rue du Petit-Thouars, quartier du Temple, Paris, manufacturer of pastels; silver medal, Athénée des Arts, 1828

Denis DIDEROT (1713-1784), influential writer and art critic. He encouraged research into encaustic painting in his 1755 treatise L'Histoire et le secret de la peinture en cire contre le sentiment du comte de Caylus, in which he supported Bachelier's claim to primacy which he preferred to Caylus's desire for secrecy; but he later dismissed Bachelier's oil pastels in the Salon de 1765.
Lit.: Hilaire-Pérez 2002

Sophie Friederike DINGLINGER (1736-1791) developed a method of fixing pastels adopted by Stock and others.
Dictionary, artists

Antonio Francesco DONI (1513-1574), painter and author of Disegno, 1549, describing the application of powder onto sheets; this may not refer to fabricated sticks.
Lit.: McGrath 1998; Burns 2007, p. 4

Johann Gabriel DOPPELMAYR (1677–1750), mathematician and scientist, author of Von den Nürnbergischen Mathematikern und Künstlern, 1730, discusses dry pastels
Lit.: Meder 1919, p. 138

Robert DOSSIE (1717-1777), apothecary from Sheffield; he settled in London in 1757, and became a member of the Society of Artists, associating with Benjamin Franklin and Dr Johnson. His The handmaid to the arts, London, 1758, mentioned some 29 different pastel pigments.
Lit.: Kosek 1998; Lowengard 2008

DUFROIR, Doreur, marchand d'Etampes/Fabrique et tient magasin de bordure etc., according to the label on the back of an anonymous late 17th century pastel (London, 16.IV.1999, Lot 152).

Antoine-Charles DULAC (fl. Paris 1762), maître-peintre, rue des Prêtres, paroisse Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois. His shop was damaged in a fire of 1762; the stock included pastels.
Lit.: Michel 2007, p. 124

DUMAREST, rue de la Vieille-Draperie, quartier du Palais, developed a secret composition for pastels, for which the Académie had issued a certificate; the process had apparently been sold to Nadaux (q.v.). He supplied pastels from the same house as Dumarest.
Lit.: Chatelus 1991, pp. 71; 83

Thomas DUMONT, framemaker, maître-mensuisier, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Claude DUPUIS (fl. Paris a.1678), paper supplier to Nanteuil.
Lit.: Burns 2007, p. 48

Bernard DUPUY DU GREZ (1639-1720) abandoned his position as avocat au parlement to found an École publique et gratuite de dessin, supported by Crozat and Cammas, and which in 1751 became the Académie royale. In his Traité sur la peinture, Toulouse, 1699, illustrated by Antoine Rivalz, he recommended that pastel sticks be bought ready made.
Lit.: Burns 2007, p. 26

DUVAL (fl. Paris 1731), peintre, "qui fait d'excellent pastel" according to a letter from Raymond Falyt in Paris to Carriera (6.VII.1731)

Le marchand DUVAL, rue de la Comédie-Française, peintre et doreur en bâtiment, tient un magasin d'estampes montées et en feuilles, de portraits de fantaisie au pastel.
Lit.: Almanach des peintres, cited Ratouis de Limay 1946, p. 13

Lazare DUVAUX (1703–1758), marchand mercier, rue de la Monnaie, Paris, jeweller and dealer in luxury items, including pictures.
Lit.: Livre-journal de Lazare Duvaux, marchand-bijoutier, 1748-1758, ed. J. Courajod, Paris, 1873; Michel 2008, pp. 30ff

Pietro EDWARDS (1744–1821), Venetian connoisseur and restorer, from a family of English origin; permanent secretary of the Veneto Liberal Collegio di Pittura; member of the Accademia Clementina of Bologna from 1775, as well as of the San Luca in Rome and that of Parma. He carried out a number of inventories of Venetian collections, notably that of Ludovico Manin.
Lit.: Ingamells 1997; Tormen 2009, p. 245

Joseph EICHLER (1724-p.1783), pastellist and picture restorer.
Lit.: Dictionary, artists

Pierre ESTÈVE (Montpellier 1720 - Paris p.1790), salon critic.

John EVELYN (1620-1706), mentions pastels several times in his Diaries.
Dictionary, artists

Kaspar FABER founded a pencil factory in Nürnberg in 1761.

Gustaf Johan FAST (1749- ), Swedish carver. Frames on Lundberg pastels from his workshop, c.1770.
Lit.: Laine & Brown 2006

André FÉLIBIEN (1619-1695), important early theorist; his Entretiens sur les vies…des plus excellens peintres…, Paris, 1680, includes advice on framing pastels.

Thomas FENTHAM (fl. London 1777-c.1800), framemaker and glass grinder, Strand, London. Supplied frame for Read, Simon and Etheldred Yorke.
Lit.: British picture framemakers at npg.org.uk

John FORD, Chandos Street, Covent Garden, London 1764-73, corner of Henrietta Street/Bedford Street, Covent Garden 1773-75. Artists' supplier; his trade card includes crayons.
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

Jeremiah FREEMAN (c.1763-1823), carver and gilder in Norwich, from c.1791 (label found on a pastel by Vaslet p.1829 cannot be of maker)
Lit.: British framemakers at npg.org.uk

Élie-Catherine FRÉRON (1718-1776), journaliste et critique
Lit.: Chatelus 1991, pp. 284ff

John David GALLIARD, 12 Noel Street, London, 1779, 227 Piccadilly 1783-85, 14 Barton Street and Marsham Street, Westminster 1790; Ann Galliard, Poland Street 1794. Artists' suppliers. Advertised Swiss crayons in the Public advertiser, 7.VI.1783, invented by the late Stoupan (q.v.) and improved by Pache (q.v.) and Galliard, who were, according to Galliard's 1784 trade card, awarded a prize by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufacturers, & Commerce.
Lit.: Kosek 1998; British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

Pierre-Marie GAULT de SAINT-GERMAIN (1754-1842), artist, writer and inventor.
Dictionary, artists

Hubert GAUTIER de Nîmes (1660-1737), médecin, mathématicien, ingénieur de la marine royale, de l'Académie des sciences & belles-lettres de Dijon, author of L'Art de laver…, Lyon, 1687, an early treatise, offering the secret of M. le Prince Robert.
Lit.: Meder 1919, p. 135; Monnier 1984, p. 109; Dictionary, artists, Ruprecht; Burns 2007, p. 21f

Paul GEORGES, framemaker, maître-mensuisier, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Edmé-François GERSAINT ( -1750), Paris dealer and auctioneer.
Lit.: Marandet 2003a

GIRARD, rue l'Evesque, Paris, manufacturer of pastels in 1663.
Lit.: Huygens 1888-1950, IV, pp. 349, 30.V.1663

GIRAULT, French suppliers of pastels since 1780.

François-Simon-Alphonse GIROUX (c.1775-1848), ébéniste, established 1799, trading as Maison Alphonse Giroux or Giroux & Cie, 7 rue du Coq-Saint-Honoré, Paris; succeeded by his son, Alphonse Gustave Giroux in 1838: frame on Petit, homme, sd 1817

Jean-Baptiste GLOMY ( -1786), mounter and expert in public sales.
Lit.: Chatelus 1991, p. 43; Michel 2008

Ferdinand-Joseph GODEFROID ( -1741), peintre du prince de Carignan, picture dealer and restorer to the royal collection, partner of Charles Godefroy (q.v.), killed in a duel by Jérôme-François Chantereau over a disputed picture; his widow (∞1726), née Marie-Jeanne Van Merle ( -1764) took over his business with François-Louis Colins (1699-1760), a picture dealer from Brussels. Valade exhibited her portrait in the salon de 1755.
Lit.: Chatelus 1991, p. 45f; Marandet 2003a; Marandet 2008; Dictionary, artists, Chantereau; collectors

John GORE advertised "crayons…sold cheap for cash" in the Boston gazette (9.III.1761); five years later he offered "crayons in sets".

Three sons of Jean GOSSET, a Huguenot from Jersey: Gideon (1707-1785), Isaac (1713-1799) and Jacob or James ( -1788) were active as carvers, gilders and framemakers in London probably by 1733. Jean's brother Matthew Gosset (1683-1744), carver and wax modeller, was in London by 1709. Isaac was also a wax modeller, and is the most prominent member of the family; he is probably "Gosset the frame maker" (possibly Gideon) who supplied "architrave gold frames" and glasses to Arthur Pond, 1735-49, as well as for pastels by Hoare, Cotes and possibly Liotard, mainly dating to the 1740s.
Lit.: Tessa Murdoch, "Courtiers and classics: the Gosset family", Country life, CLXXVII, 1985, pp. 1282f; Simon 1996; British picture framemakers at npg.org.uk

Sebastiano ("Bassanio") GRANDI (fl. London 1789-1806), 6 Brownlow Street, Long Acre 1806. Colour merchant; he sold crayons to Joseph Farington, 1796 (Farington 1978-84, III, p. 1009).
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

François GRASSET (fl. c.1764), libraire à Lausanne, supplier of pastels by Stoupan (q.v.)

Pierre GRÉGOIRE [Petrus Gregorius] (1540-1597), of Toulouse, author of an early treatise which mentions the manufacture of crayons de couleur, Syntaxeon artis mirabilis, published in Lyon around 1574 (with other editions of similar dates).
Lit.: Lavallée 1949, p. 77; Ratouis de Limay 1946, p.138; Jeffares 2006, p. 23; Burns 2007, p. 5

William GRISBROOK (1831-1901), London picture restorer; succesded by his son, William Jr; restored six pastels and chalk drawings for NPG, 1919.
Lit.: British picture restorers at npg.org.uk

Georg Christoph GÜNTHER (1736-1777), author of an early manual on pastel painting.
Dictionary, artists

Mme HÉBERT (fl. Paris 1774-76), supplied imitations of Stoupan's pastels.
Dictionary, artists

Frau Christoph Johann Werner, née Anna Maria HAID (1688-1753), credited by some sources as the inventor of pastel.
Dictionary, artists

Pierre-Charles-Alexandre HELLE ( -1767), ingénieur, art expert and dealer, collaborator of Rémy (q.v.).
Lit.: Marandet 2003a; Michel 2008

Jean Christoph HELMOLDT, Hellmoldt, Helmholdt or Helmod, pastel manufacturer in Lausanne, successor to Stoupan (q.v.). From the early 1790s he was exporting to Leipzig, Berlin, London, St Petersburg, Moscow etc. In the autumn of 1793, Helmoldt recorded that he had visited London the previous summer, "les boites de pastel remplissant la vache attachée au dessus de la voiture".
Lit.: William Guthrie, Nouvelle géographie universelle, Paris, 1802, III, p. 244; Revue historique vaudoise, 1943, p. 171; Revue historique vaudoise, 1985, p. 68; Hugues Jahier, "Un article d'exportation lausannois vers l'Angleterre du XVIIIe siècle", n.d.

Nicolas HEURTAUT (1720-1771; maître-mensuisier 1753), framemaker, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Jean-François HONNETE (1735-c.1793), credited with the invention of wax pastel.
Dictionary, artists

Samuel van HOOGSTRAETEN (1627-1678), painter, engraver and author of an early treatise Inleyding tot de hooge schoole der schilderkonst (1678) with recipe for pastel fixative.
Lit.: Meder 1919, p. 138

Solomon HUDSON (fl. 1776-93), carver and gilder, 16 Great Titchfield Street, London 1782-93. Supplied frames for Russell pendants, Prince of Wales and Mrs Fitzherbert, 1791, £42 16s. paid .IX.1793.
Lit.: Miller 1976, p. 109; British picture framemakers at npg.org.uk

Mr HUDSON of 18 Angel Court, Princess Street, Westminster (possibly a releative of Solomon Hudson, q.v.), manufacturer of Swiss crayons stocked by James Poole (q.v.) in 1787.
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

Joel HULBERT ( -c.1816), carver and gilder, 12 Camden Street, Dublin, in 1798; he was appointed toll collector at Monastereven, near Dublin, in 1800, and became an informer against the United Irishmen. His sons George and William were recorded as carvers and gilders, 36 Dawson Street, in 1798 but are absent from 1799 on. Robert Hulbert, presumably a third son, is recorded in 1799. Frames on pastels by Hamilton, Mrs La Touche; and the Misses La Touche, c.1795, with Camden Street label.
Lit.: Paul Caffrey, in Gorry Gallery exh. cat. 2-12.III.2005; Knight of Glin, Irish furniture, 2007, p. 293

HUYGENS family.
Dictionary, artists

Ferrante IMPERATO (1550-1625), author of Dell' historia naturale, Naples, 1599, in which composition of drawing sticks is discussed.
Lit.: Meder 1919, p. 135; Kosek 1998, p. 2, n.16; Grove art online

Étienne-Louis INFROIT (1720-1795; maître-sculpteur 1759; maître-mensuisier 1768); and Claude Infroit (fl. 1777-p.1810; maître-sculpteur; maître-mensuisier 1777), framemakers, Paris. A stamped frame appears on a pastel by Mlle Capet.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Anon. "abonné de JOINVILLE en Champagne, homme caracterisé et digne de foi", advertised a method of fixing pastel in the Annonces, affiches et avis divers of .III.1758; in 1766 he added that pastels fixed in this way could have a varnish applied in place of the glass.
Lit.: Ratouis de Limay 1946, p. 149

Charles-Antoine JOMBERT (1712-1784), author of Méthode pour apprendre le dessin, Paris, 1755, and editor of the 1766 edition of de Piles's Elémens de peinture

François JOULLAIN (1697-1778), Paris engraver, publisher, dealer and auctioner. His son Charles-François Joullain supplied frames.
Lit.: Marandet 2003a; Michel 2008

Sébastien JURINE (Lyon 1722 – Geneva 1779), a clothing maker settled in Geneva, recommended by Liotard to the Earl of Bessborough for fixing pastels "as well as Loriot" in Paris. He was the father of the celebrated surgeon and naturalist Louis Jurine.
Lit.: Roethlisberg & Loche 2008, p. 740, reprinting Liotard's letter of 28.VI.1763

Elizabeth Randall KEATING (fl. London 1782-92) "Regarding Mrs. Keeting and her Swiss-style crayons", 3.V.1782, Committee Minutes of the Committee on Polite Arts, [R]SA Minutes of Various Premium Committees 1781-82 [R]SA PR.GE/112/12/23.
Lit.: Lowengard 2008

Thomas KEYSE was awarded a bounty of 30 gns "for the discovery of his method of painting in fixed crayons" by the Society of Arts in 1764.
Dictionary, artists
Lit.: Museum rusticum et commerciale, II, 1764, p. 376

Mattheus KUGLER (1692-1752), and his pupil Joseph Deibel (q.v.); wood carvers from Munich who supplied the frames for Rosalba's pastels in Dresden.
Lit.: Christoph Schölzel, "Der Dresdener Galerierahmen Geschichte, Technik, Restaurierung", Zeitschrift für Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung, XVI, 2002, pp. 104-29

Jacques LACOMBE, salon critic, author of Dictionnaire portatif des beaux-arts, 1753; mentions pastels.
Lit.: Ratouis de Limay 1946, p. 10f

Étienne LA FONT DE SAINT-YENNE (1688-1771), salon critic.

Philippe de LA HYRE (1640-1718), author of an early Traité de la pratique de la peinture, 1699, published by the Académie des sciences in 1730; it describes pastel sets manufactured to provide homogeneous consistency.
Dictionary, artists

Gerard de LAIRESSE (1640-1711), painter and author of Het groot schilderboek, 1707, in which the process of mezzotint was compared with crayon drawing on dark paper.

André LAMBERT (1753-1807; maître-sculpteur 1783), framemaker, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Joseph-Jérôme Lefrançois de LALANDE (1732-1807), astronome, de l'Académie des sciences; he published a number of articles related to pastel fixatives, paper etc.
Lit.: Burns 2007

Maurice-Quentin de LA TOUR (1704-1788), inveterate experimenter in pastel, believed to have a secret method of fixing them which the Goncourts tantalisingly suggested was described in a letter which Frédéric Villot would publish.
Dictionary, artists

LAURAIRE, de l'Académie de Saint-Luc, rue des Prêtres Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois, a ouvert un magasin de bordures dorées et de portraits au pastel.
Lit.: Almanach des peintres, cited Ratouis de Limay 1946, p. 13

L'abbé Jean-Bernard LE BLANC (1707-1781), early writer who discussed La Tour's fixing of pastels in his 1747 Lettre sur l'exposition….
Dictionary, collectors; salons critiques, 1747

Jean-Baptiste-Pierre LE BRUN (1748-1813), dealer.
Dictionary, collectors

L'abbé LE BRUN, author of the Almanach historique et raisonné des architectes, peintres, sculpteurs, graveurs et ciseleurs, published in Paris, 1776 and 1777

Florent LE COMTE (?1655-1712), collector and author of a critique of the Salon de 1699 in which Vivien's pastels are discussed.
Lit.: Jal 1872

LE FRANC, Paris, suppliers of pastels from 1775.
Lit.: Kosek 1998

Placide-Auguste LE PILEUR D'APLIGNY, author of a Traité des couleurs materielles, Paris, 1779, describing a method of preparing canvas for pastel with coatings of oil and glass powder, similar to Pelelchet's process; it seems to have been used by Rotari.
Lit.: Shelley 2002, p. 11, n.37

LE POURVOYER, inventor of fixing method.
Dictionary, artists

LEONARDO da Vinci (1452-1519).
Dictionary, artists

Henri LÉTONNÉ, framemaker, maître-mensuisier, Paris, reçu maitre 1773, active until 1791. Stamped frame on a pastel by Desangles, Sophie Arnould, and a pair of anonymes pendants.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Antoine LEVERT, framemaker, maître-mensuisier, Paris. Stamped frames on pastels by Ducreux, Mme Poisson and Mosnier, duchesse de Laval.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Pierre-Charles LEVESQUE (1736-1812), protégé of Diderot who completed the Dictionnaire des arts of Watelet (q.v.) before writing the history of Russia.

Marin-Cyprien-Antoine de LIEUDÉ DE SEPMANVILLE, secrétaire du roi, from Rouen, early writer who discussed La Tour's fixing of pastels in his 1747 Réflexions nouvelles d'un amateur….
Dictionary, salons critiques, 1747

Jean-Étienne LIOTARD (1702-1789), pastellist and theorist, credited with technical innovations.
Dictionary, artists

Alexis III LOIR (1712-1785), pastellist, who experimented with pastel on wood and on copper.
Dictionary, artists

Giovan Paolo LOMAZZO (1538-1600), painter and theorist, mentions Leonardo's invention of pastel in 1584.
Lit.: Meder 1919, p. 136; Burns 2007, p. 4f; Dictionary, s.v. Leonardo

LOMBERQUE (fl. Paris 1731), pastel maker, presumably a misspelling of Lundberg.
Dictionary, artists, Lundberg

L. de LONGASTRE (c.1747-p.1806), pastellist, provided information on pastel techniques to Constand de Massoul (q.v.).
Dictionary, artists

Antoine-Joseph LORIOT (1716-1782), inventor of a method of fixing pastel (among other things such as a mechanical table for the Trianon and a cement for mending broken statues). His process was advertised in the Annonces, affiches et avis divers for 3.X.1753 (his address is given as Paris, château des Tuilleries, avant cour des Princes); it was approved by the Académie a few days later, and certified again 1.XII.1753 (when examples including Carriera's pastels demonstrated the process's ability to treat mould and revive colour). Loriot was awarded a pension of 1000 livres. The process was made famous at the Salon of 1763 by Valade's portrait of the inventor, half of which was fixed by his undetectable method. This picture descended to Auguste Pellechet, no doubt a relation of Loriot's first wife, Anne-Marie Pellechet, probably a daughter of another pastel innovator, Sr Pellechet (q.v.). By 26.XI.1779, the crown had purchased Loriot's invention, and he duly communicated the secret in a memoir (Procès-Verbaux, 5.II.1780).
Lit.: "Details du secret de Mr. Loriot pour fixer la peinture au pastel," 8.X.1753, Extrait des registres de l'Académie royale de peinture et sculpture, AN O/1/1915 50; letters from d'Angivller to Pierre, 26.XI.1779; 9.II.1780; Guiffrey 1885, pp. 138ff; Chatelus 1991, p. 69; Ratouis de Limay 1946, p. 144ff; Burns 2007

Edward LUTTERELL (c.1650-c.1724), pastellist who used engravers' prepared copper plates. His manuscript Epitome of painting (1683) describes his method.
Dictionary, artists

Macle, v. Roché

Carlo Cesare MALVASIA (1616–1693), scholar and art historian, author of Felsina pittrice, vite de’ pittori bolognesi, 1678, in which he reports on early Bolognese pastellists.

Carlo MARATTI (1625-1713), artist and restorer, said to have used pastel to restore paintings.
Dictionary, artists

Antoine de MARCENAY DE GHUY (1724-1811), engraver. Together with Peters he organised the Salons du Colisée after the dissolution of the Académie de Saint-Luc.
Lit.: Chatelus 1991, pp. 156f

Pierre-Jean MARIETTE (1694-1774), collector and writer.
Dictionary, collectors

Jean-François MARMONTEL (1719-1798), de l'Académie française, écrivain, subject of a pastel by La Tour
Lit.: Chatelus 1991

Constant de MASSOUL, author of A treatise on the art of painting, and the composition of colours, which appeared in London in 1797, apparently as a translation from the French. However the author was a colourman with a shop in Bond Street, London. It described pastel techniques, relying on information supplied by Longastre, and reviewed those available commercially, in Lausanne, Vevay, Nürnberg and Paris.
Lit.: Kosek 1998; Lowengard 2008

MAUCLERC, author of Traité des couleurs et vernis, Paris, 1773.
Lit.: Chatelus 1991, p. 80; Lowengard 2008

M. MAUGÉ, procureur au présidial de Rennes, inventor of fixing method.
Lit.: Almanach sous verre, 1769, cited Ratouis de Limay 1946, p. 149; Goncourt & Goncourt 1867

G. MERCIER fils, 3 rue Saint-Benoît, Paris 3e: early 20th century frame-maker and luxury book-binder. Label on verso of copy of Perronneau, Mme Duval d'Espreménil, with an oval frame and elaborate ribbon bow offers "Rentoilages, restauration de tableaux/fabrique de cadres, encadrements/…pastels & miniatures…dorure chimique/photographie, gravure".

Louis-François METRA [Métra, Mettra] (1738–1804), journalist, critic, banker and correspondent of Friedrich der Grosse; publisher of the Correspondance littéraire.
Lit.: Chatelus 1991

Pierre MEUNIER, framemaker, maître-mensuisier, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

François MICHOD, nephew of Stoupan (q.v.), established a pastel supply in Vevay, not far from Lausanne, by 1779, using the same process.
Lit.: Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen, 1779, p. 564

Nicholas MIDDLETON ( -1824), stationer and pencil maker, trading in the Strand from the mid-18th century. Although an early 19th century trade card refers to "crayons" these were "de plomb noir" and probably not pastel.
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

Pierre-François MILLET, framemaker, maître-mensuisier, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Claude-Louis-Octave, vicomte de MILLEVILLE (1751- ), écuyer de main du comte d'Artois 1775-81, capitaine au régiment Boufflers-Dragons, and a freemason, living in Versailles, presented his recipe for varnish capable of fixing pastels to the Académie royale, who were "sensible au zèle de M. le Vicomte de Milleville d'employer ses loisirs à la conservation des productions des Arts", and to d'Angivilliers. He was asked to return with specimens on 5.XI.1785, but sent his apologies.
Lit.: Procès-Verbaux, 29.X.1785; "Lettre de le vicomte de Milleville à le comte d'Artois sur la decouverte d'une vernis pour le pastel," 5.XII.1785, AN O/1/1918 476; Goncourt & Goncourt 1867

Henry Robert MORLAND (c.1719-1797).
Dictionary, artists

MOULE: pastel manufacturer in Paris before 1752. Lot 502 in Charles Coypel's posthumous sale included "Sept Tiroirs remplis de Pastels de meilleurs Fabriques; telles que celles de Moule, Charmeton & autres."

Johann Heinrich MÜNTZ (1727-1798), Swiss painter and writer, interested in encaustic, which he thought could be used to fix pastels. An English translation of his Encaustic, or, Count Caylus's method of painting in the manner of the ancients: to which is added a sure and easy method for fixing of crayons appeared in 1760.
Lit.: Burns 2007

NADAUX, engraver and draughtsman, advertised in the Journal de Paris, 1780, that he had obtained from Dumarest (q.v.) his secret composition for pastels, for which the Académie had issued a certificate. His advertisement was from rue de la Vieille-Draperie, quartier du Palais, the same house as Dumarest; to avoid counterfeit, he advertised that he would not supply any dealer, and that the pastels could thus only be obtained from him; of couse he would deliver "en province".
Lit.: [a.15.VII.1780], AN F/12/2237; Chatelus 1991, p. 71; Lowengard 2008

G. & I. NEWMAN, Little Chelsea, later at Bridge Row, Ranelagh, Chelsea c.1786 (apparently unconnected with James Newman). Colour makers; in 1786 their trade card advertised "crayon pencils equal to the Swiss".
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

James NEWMAN, Gerrard St, London 1784-1801. Leading supplier of artists' materials, including "fine soft crayons" (The times, 5.V.1787).
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

Edward NORGATE ( -1650), author of Miniatura or the art of liming, 1627-28, providing directions "to make Crayons...of ordinary Colours of all mixtures".
Lit.: Burns 2007

Frank NOWLAN (c.1835-1919), London and Dublin, restorer. Repaired and copied G. Romney, William Cowper, in 1905; restored Humphry, Stanhope, for NPG in 1904 (4 gns).
Lit.: British picture restorers at npg.org.uk

PACHE & Davis 1758-63, succeeded by Lewis Pache & Co 1765-67 (v. q. Bonhote), Hayes's Court, Soho, London. Suppliers of artists' materials, including "The noted Swiss Crayons called Pastels Assortie, the Box being a compleat Assortment of Shades and Colours" (Public advertiser, 20.VI.1758); on 30.IV.1760, they were described as made by Stoupan (q.v.) and recommended by "that famous Painter Liotard".
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

Charles PACHE, 2 Oxendon Street, near Coventry Street, London 1774. Pastel maker; possibly nephew of Lewis Pache. Bonhote (q.v.) advertised Pache's pastels, citing him as a former partner of Stoupan (q.v.) at Lausanne, noting that Pache had obtained a premium from the Society of Arts and Sciences (London evening post, 8.IV.1773). Soon after Pache advertised (London evening post, 24.V.1774) that he had set up in business on his own, mentioning that he had received a Bounty from the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, for establishing a manufacture of crayons in England.
Lit.: "Regarding crayons invented by Mr Pache", 4.XII.1772, [R]SA Minutes of the Committee on Polite Arts, [R]SA Minutes of Various Premium Committees 1772-73 [R]SA PR.GE/112/12/14; British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk; Lowengard 2008

Mammès-Claude-Catherine PAHIN CHAMPLAIN DE LA BLANCHERIE (1752-1811), journalist, art critic, founder of the Salon de la Correspondance which exhibited numerous pastesl during its existence betwwn 1779 and 1787, author of the Nouvelles de la république des lettres; subject of pastels by Ducreux and Lenoir.
Lit.: Chatelus 1991, pp. 146ff; Auricchio 2002

PAILLARD, Paris, suppliers of pastels from 1788 (?J.-M. Paillard, in 1850, took over a business originally started by P. C. Lambertye in 1788, specialising in watercolour).
Lit.: Kosek 1998

Alexandre-Joseph PAILLET (1743-1814): Paris art dealer, expert and auctioneer, active from c.1770.
Lit.: Jo-Lynn Edwards, Alexandre-Joseph Paillet, expert et marchand de tableaux à la fin du XVIIIe siecle, Paris, 1996; Grove 1996; Marandet 2003a

Anthony PASQUIN, the pseudonym of John Williams (1758–c.1821), journalist and art critic. His antipathy to pastel is neatly summarised in his note on Russell (Pasquin 1796a): "To investigate the merits of miniature and crayon painters, is scarcely a toil worthy the pen of a biographer. There is no province of the polite arts so thoroughly gulling and imposing as crayon painting; it capivates the vulgar eye, by a smoothness and gaudiness which should render it disgusting; and even a bad artist may pass muster in this pursuit, who would be scouted in any other. It requires a great portion of skill not to make the tints too garish for nature; and that species of knowledge no man possessed in so eminent a degree as Mr Coates, and even he was not strictly correct on this essential point."
Lit.: Cullen 2000

PAULMIER, de l'Académie de Saint-Luc, marchand de couleur, rue Saint-Denis, vis-a-vis le Sépulcre. His notices read "Paulmier, peintre, vend pastelle, couleurs et vernis".
Guiffrey 1915, p. 77

PELLECHET (a.1764), inventor of a type of oil pastel, a method of preparing canvas or silk so that special pastel could be applied directly, analogous to Reifenstein's process. On 2.VI.1764, a subcommittee consisting of Hallé, Bachelier, La Tour and Roslin reported on this method on the application of Pellechet's widow: "le résultat est que ce pastel s'attache et prent toute la consistance d'un tableau peint à l'huile"; the procedure was easy to apply, and the results stable. A certificate was issued, and Mme Pellechet wrote to Marigny offering to sell the invention to the crown; she enclosed a printed prospectus offering prepared materials giving chez Mlle Cellier (q.v.) as the address. Cochin wrote to Marigny confirming that the artists' reports were favourable, La Tour in particular having tested the method; its principal use was for painters who wanted pastel studies to be passed among students for copying without damage. In view of veuve Pellechet's health, a pension for her and her five daughters was recommended. The Académie's certificate was renewed on 6.XII.1783 on the application of Pellechet's daughter, Marie, Mme Danican or Danycan de l'Épine, who was able to demonstrate that the 1764 samples had not degraded. It seems likely that her father was the Jean-Antoine Pellechet, ingénieur, Inspecteur des travaux en ciment des maisons royales, originaire de Pontarlier, whose papers (now in the Archives départementales des Yvelins) included numerous documents relating to Loriot, who had married an Anne-Marie Pellechet (q.v.)
Lit.: "La veuve Pellechet et le secret à faire le pastel au huile inventée par son feu mari", 23.II.1767, AN O/1/1911 14; letter Cochin to Marigny, 14.III.1767; Ratouis de Limay 1946, pp. 141f; Chatelus 1991, p. 70

Claude PÉPIN (maître-mensuisier 1775), framemaker, Paris. Frame on 1776 Frédou pnt. a/r Roslin, Louis le dauphin.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Dom Antoine-Joseph PERNETY (1716-1796), Benedictine monk, librarian to Friedrich der Große, founder of the Société des illuminés d'Avignon with count Grabianka, explorer, hermetic, author. He described the manufacture of pastel sticks in 1757.
Lit.: Pernety, Dictionnaire portatif de peinture, sculpture et gravure, 1757, p. 446; cited Ratouis de Limay 1946, p. 137n

Jean PERRÉAL [Jehan de Paris] (c.1455-1530), source of Leonardo's pastel recipe.
Dictionary, artists

Bernard PERROT or Perroto, Italian glassmaker who had settled in Orléans, discovered (1688) the process of making molten glass flow onto smooth iron tables where it was rolled and cooled; a necessary process before large scale pastels could be made.
Lit.: Elphège Frémy, Histoire de la manufacture royale des glaces de France au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècle, Paris, 1909

Johann Anton de PETERS (1725-1795), pastellist and exhibition organiser.
Dictionary, artists

Louis PETIT DE BACHAUMONT (1690-1771), amateur and critic.
Dictionary, collectors

August Ludewig PFANNENSCHMID, colourman in Hannover, late 18th century. His widow offered an assortment of 160 Pastellfarben according to a reference in 1796.
Lit.: Ludwig Hoerner, Agenten, Bader und Copisten, 1995, p. 131; Lowengard 2008

Michel PHLIPAULT ( -1778), concierge de l'Académie royale de peinture, Paris 1757-78 (succeeded by his son Pierre-Alexandre in 1778); supplied pastels from Lausanne (presumably by Stoupan, q.v.) for 52 livres for two boxes containing a complete range.
Lit.: Procès-verbaux; Ratouis de Limay 1907, citing letter of 27.V.1763 from Nicolas-Charles de Silvestre de Aignan-Thomas Desfriches, as of Phelippeaux

Roger de PILES (1635-1709), art critic and connoisseur, conseiller honoraire de l'Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture; famous for his defence of colour against drawing. He described pastel manufacture.
Lit.: Piles, Œuvres diverses, III, Amsterdam, 1767, includes Les Elémens de peinture pratique, first printed in 1684 (with engravings by Jean-Baptiste Corneille, sometimes listed as a co-author), and includes a section "De la peinture au pastel", pp. 18ff. He also recommended buying ready made pastels from several suppliers in Paris.

Mrs Laetitia PILKINGTON, née van Lewen (c.1709–1750), the divorced wife of an Irish clergyman, set up a print shop in St James's, London, c.1740 but was arrested for debt. Amongst her stock were pastel cut-outs by Nathaniel Bermingham (q.v.). Her Memoirs are a useful source of gossip.

Arthur POND (1701-1758), pastellist and supplier of copies, prints etc.
Dictionary, artists

James POOLE, 163 High Holborn, London 1785-1801. Artists' supplier; he advertised Swiss crayons in 1786. He stocked Swiss crayons made by Mr Hudson (q.v.) (Morning herald, 24.I.1787).
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

Hans POSSE (1879–1942), director of the Dresden Gemäldegalerie from 1910; author of catalogues of the collection.
Lit.: Henning 2009, pp. 285ff

William REEVES (?1739-1803), and his brother Thomas Reeves (1736-1799). Leading artists' suppliers in London from 1766, in partnership at the Blue Coat Boy, 2 Well Yard, Little Britain, West Smithfield 1780-82, 80 Holborn Bridge 1782-83, and subsequently independent, Thomas continuing at Holborn Bridge while William Reeves traded from the Strand. Trade cards and advertisements (e.g. Morning herald, 24.X.1782) mention fine Swiss crayons and English crayons, as well as "Double & Single Setts of Crayons, in all the Different Shades equal to the Italian".
Lit.: Kosek 1998; British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

James (or Jacques) REGNIER (fl. 1710, -c.1754), succeeded by his niece Nicole Celeste Regnier (fl. 1754-67), who married a fellow Huguenot, the sculptor Louis-François Roubiliac in 1756. Printsellers, at the Golden Ball, Newport St, Long Acre, London. Advertised (Daily courant, 3.II.1729) "all Sorts of the finest Water-Colours, Dry Crayons, or Pastels, Hair and Black Lead Pencils, Red, Black and White Chaulk and Paper for Drawings".
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

Johann Friedrich REIFENSTEIN (1719-1793), inventor of fixing method.
Dictionary, artists

Pierre RÉMY (1715-1797), Paris art expert.
Lit.: Marandet 2003a; Michel 2008

George RILEY (1743-1829), Queen St, Mayfair, London 1770, Stone's Head, Curzon St, Mayfair 1772-81, St Paul's Churchyard 1781, Newgate Street 1783, Ludgate Street 1783-95, 3 Creed Lane, 1794-98; Old Bailey 1798-; stationer and crayon pencil supplier. In The World (5.IV.1788), Riley advertised "New Invented Coloured Crayon Pencils of elegant shades, put in fine Cedar, to use as a Black Lead pencil, price only £1 7s. the complete set, or 9d. single prepared and sold by G. Riley, sole Patentee"; these crayon pencils were made to the patent of the late Thomas Beckwith (q.v.). Riley described these in A concise treatise on the elementary principles of flower-painting and drawing in water-colour... , 1807.
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

Archibald ROBERTSON (fl. 1765; -1804), Saville Row Passage, adjoining Squib's Auction Room, Conduit Street, 1781; 15 Charles Street, St James's Square 1782-96. Engraver and publisher, landscape painter and drawing master. His trade card from c.1781 included the "best Swiss-Crayons".
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

Henri ROCHÉ (1837–1925), biologist and chemist, established La Maison du pastel in Paris c.1875, taking over the business of S. Macle originally established in 1720 at Versailles, moving to the rue Saint-Honoré in Paris, and, from 1766 to 1912, the rue du Grenier-Saint-Lazare. It claims to have supplied La Tour, Perronneau, Chardin and Carriera.
Lit.: Monnier 1984, p. 117; Cabezas 2008; firm's website; Roché 2009

Alexander ROSLIN (1718-1793), pioneer in oil pastel, probably using the Pellechet process.
Dictionary, artists

André ROUQUET, Swiss enamelist who visited London and published L'État des arts en Angleterre, 1754, translated as The present state of the arts in England, London, 1755, observing the popularity of portraits

Jacques ROZE, framemaker, maître-mensuisier, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

RUPELVOËR (fl. Paris 1771), pastellist, inventor and vendor of new crayons.
Dictionary, artists

John RUSSELL (1745-1806), described his methods in Elements of painting with crayons, 1772.
Dictionary, artists

Alphonse SAINT-MARTIN established a publishing and artists' supply business at 6 (later 4) rue de Seine, "A la palette de Rubens", which was later continued by his widow. Active in the first half of the 19th century, some sources suggest the business was originally established in 1785. The firm's stamp is found on the canvas of a later copy of La Tour, Marie Leszczynska.

Joseph, chevalier de SAINT-MICHEL (fl. 1756-85), inventor of fixing method, which it is alleged he stole from the principe di Sansevero (q.v.). It was submitted to Bachelier and Roslin at the Académie on 6.VI.1772, and offered by subscription.
Dictionary, artists

Charles SANDYS ( -1786) by 1759, at Dirty Lane, Long Acre, 1760-63, as Sandys & Middleton, 79 Long Acre 1773-74, 81 St Martin's Lane 1778. Artists' colourmen; a trade card advertised that they "Make & Sell all Sorts of Crayons".
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

Raimondo di Sangro, principe di SANSEVERO (Torremaggiore 1710 - Naples 1771), Scientist, inventor, esotericist, soldier, freemason and man of letters. He invented a process of fixing pastel described in numerous treatises (v. Chaperon; Saint-Michel).
Lit.: Neue Bibliothek der schönen Wissenschaften und der freyen Künste, IX/1, 1770, pp. 181f; Mariette 1851-60; Ratouis de Limay 1946, p. 147f

Jacques SAVARY DES BRUSLONS (1657-1716), son of the celebrated economist; his Dictionnaire universel de commerce was published posthumously (Paris, 1723 and later editions)

M. SCHEPPERS, fils d'un négociant de Lille, inventor of "l'art de fixer le pastel et de l'embellir même au lieu de l'altérer", which he advertised in the Annonces, affiches et avis divers, 1755, and which he made available to a certain painter from Lille, d'Achon.
Lit.: Ratouis de Limay 1946, p. 149

Charles SCHOFIELD, 123 Aldersgate Street, London, 1779-1808. Oil and colourman, house painter and gilder, advertised materials including "fine crayons" (The gazetteer and new daily advertiser, 20.I.1783).
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

John SCOTT ( -1838), the Strand, London, from 1782, sold materials for watercolours and drawings; advertised "Crayons in sets, ditto of Swiss Crayon Pencils, a curious article, being in wood after the manner of Black-lead, in sets of 50 and 70, of all different tints" (General evening post, 23.XII.1783, 6.I.1784); and "'British & Swiss Crayons, & the true Italian Crayon Pencils, in sets of every Colour, of which Scott is the only importer" (St James's chronicle, 12.VIII.1788). Listed as "crayon manufacturer" (Wakefield's directory, 1790).
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

Mlle SELLIER or Cellier, de l'Académie de Saint-Luc, au bain de la Seine, rue Guénégaud, près le Pont-Neuf, Paris: vendor of materials for the oil pastel procedure invented by Pellechet (q.v.).
Lit.: Guiffrey 1915; Chatelus 1991, p. 70f

William SITTENHAM (1861–1938), restorer, including apparently 18th century pastels, art dealer and real estate investor, active in New York, known from a printed sheet "Crayon and pastel portraits : restoring oil paintings a specialty".

Jean-Baptiste SLODTZ ( -1759), peintre du duc d'Orléans, restorer and partner of Rémy (q.v.). A pastel by Carriera was among those he restored.
Lit.: Marandet 2003a

SMITH, WARNER & Co, a partnership between the experimental chemist, Charles Smith ( -1845) and Peter Warner ( -1824), 211 Piccadilly, London by 1800. Leading artists' supplier; advertised a method for fixing soft crayon and chalk drawings (Morning herald, 25.VII.1800).
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

A. SOLOARO SCHLÜSS, framemaker, maître-mensuisier, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Francis STACY, artists' colourman, at The St Luke, corner of Long Acre, next to Drury Lane, London 1769-72, 39 Drury Lane 1773, Long Acre 1774-1785, 76 Long Acre 1777. A trade card includes crayons.
Lit.: British Artists' Suppliers at npg.org.uk

Friedrich STAEDTLER commenced the manufacture of graphite pencils in Nürnberg in 1662. J. S. Staedtler introduced coloured oil pastel pencils in 1834.

STANLEY (fl. London c.1766).
Dictionary, artists

Bernhard or Bernard STOUPAN, Stupan or Stupanus ( -a.1779), celebrated pastel-maker of Lausanne; possibly the same as, or a relative of, the Bernard-Augustin Stoupan who was professor of mathematics and a Ratsherr in Lausanne; he was related to the celebrated mathematician Jacob Bernoulli. A Benjamin Stoupan also appears in various sources. Bernard Stoupan's sister was married to a merchant called Isoot, and they provided bonds for the apprenticeship to a watchmaking and jewellery business of a certain Jean-Baptiste Michod, presumably a brother of Stoupan's nephew François Michod (q.v.), mentioned as continuing the pastel business. Stoupan's pastels were celebrated from the middle of the century, and by 1770 had achieved "un haut degré de perfection (éclat de couleurs)". The chevalier de Boufflers (Dictionary, artists) noted in 1764 that Lausanne "est connu dans toute l'Europe par ses bons pastels"; his editor noted "on peut s'addresser pour les avoir, ou à M. Stoupan lui-même, ou à M. François Grasset libraire à Lausanne." Stoupan's pastels were "recommended for the best in Europe" according to a 1766 receipt from Bonhote (q.v.), who supplied them in London. Bonvoisin and Phelippeaux (qq.v.) supplied them in Paris, and they were advertised in the Avant-Coureur (1762, p. 491; 1769, p. 85; 1771, p. 503; 1773, pp. 435f). Reifenstein (Dictionary, artists) reported to Caroline Luise von Baden (.v.1761) that he had seen a pastel by Handmann fixed with the process invented by Stoupan, involving an atomised mixture of strong vinegar and egg white. Sulzer 1798, III, p. 719 mentions "Herr Stupan, von Geburt ein Basler, der sich in Lausanne aufhält, wird schon längstens für den besten Zubereiter dieser Farben behalten". "Personne n'a jusqu'ici pu atteindre le brun de Stoupan", wrote Guthrie, noting that his successor was Helmoldt (q.v.).
Lit.: Chaperon 1788; William Guthrie, Nouvelle géographie universelle, Paris, 1802, III, p. 244; Georges-Antoine Bridel, Les Pastels de Lausanne, 1944; Ratouis de Limay 1946, p. 138; Revue historique vaudoise, 1943, p. 171; Marcel Francillon, "Notes sur la famille Stoupan bourgeoise de Lausanne", Der schweizer Familienforscher, 1947, pp. 115ff; Revue historique vaudoise, 1985, p. 68; Burns 2007, p. 20

Johann Georg SULZER, author of Allgemeine Theorie der schönen Künste, 1771-74; rev. ed., Frankfurt & Leipzig, 1798; the article on pastel (III, p. 718f), after mentioning La Tour, Liotard, Mengs and the collection of Rosalba at Dresden, includes a simple recipe for pastel, but notes "Aber die beste Zubereitung der Pastelfarben ist doch ein Geheimniß".

Domenico Marchi TEMPESTI (c.1655-1737), provided an important account of Nanteuil's practices.
Dictionary, artists

Johann Alexander THIELE (1685-1752), credited by some sources as the inventor of pastel.
Dictionary, artists

Denis TOUPILLIER, framemaker, maître-mensuisier, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

André TRAMBLIN, framemaker, maître-mensuisier, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Robert Samuel TULL (c.1731-1758), carver and gilder, apprenticed to Jacob Gosset (q.v.), in 1745. His account books include pastels for Katherine Read.
Lit.: British picture framemakers at npg.org.uk

Théodore TURQUET DE MAYERNE, author of an early treatise Pictoria, sculptoria & quae subalternarum artium spectantia (1620-46) with recipe for pastel fixative.
Lit.: Meder 1923

Gerard VANDERGUCHT, Jr ( -a.1776).
Dictionary, artists s.v. Benjamin Van der Gucht

François-Antoine VASSÉ (1681-1736), sculpteur du roi. Frames on Lundberg pastels commissioned by Niclas Peter von Gedda, 1728.
Lit.: Laine & Brown 2006

T.-S. VASSEUR, framemaker, maître-mensuisier, Paris.
Lit.: Harden 1998

Jean-Nicolas VERNEZOBRE, peintre de l'Académie de Saint-Luc, quai Pelletier, au Lion d'or, the subject of a pastel by La Tour and the husband of a known pastellist (Dictionary, artists), himself advertised in Le Mercure: "il continue de débiter avec succès des crayons pour peindre au pastel, se flattant d'avoir trouvé le secret de rendre tendres ceux qui sont ordinairement trop durs, et proposant donc des assortiments plus parfaits qu'à l'ordinaire."
Lit.: Chatelus 1991, p. 70

George VERTUE (1684-1756), art historian and early commentator on the vogue for pastels (1742).
Dictionary, collectors

Thomas VIALLS (1719-1781), London carver and gilder; framed two pastels by Read for James Grant of Grant (1764).
Lit.: British picture framemakers at npg.org.uk

Arnauld VINCENT DE MONTPETIT (1713-1800), artist and inventor.
Dictionary, artists

Giovanni Battista VOLPATO (1633-1706), painter, mathematician and philosopher; experimented with pastel binders around 1670.
Lit.: Meder 1919, p. 135

Parry WALTON ( -1702), restorer of the King's pictures.
Dictionary, artists, Greenhill
Lit.: British picture restorers at npg.org.uk

Claude-Henri WATELET (1718-1786), co-author with Pierre-Charles Levesque (q.v.) of the Dictionnaire des arts de peinture, sculpture et gravure, 1792.
Dictionary, collectors

Jean-Félix WATIN, author of Supplément à L'Art du peintre doreur vernisseur, par le sieur Watin, peintre, doreur, vernisseur, & marchand des couleurs, doreurs, et vernis, Paris, 1773.
Lit.: Chatelus 1991, p. 80; Lowengard 2008

Edward Façon WATSON (1804-1892), London dealer and restorer until 1877. Advertised "crayon drawings carefully restored" (The artists' directory 1875, p.190).
Lit.: British picture restorers at npg.org.uk

Werner, v. Haid